Sustainable Exploitation of Freshwater and Marine Bioresources for Biotechnology Applications

Abstract

This study investigates the sustainable exploitation of freshwater and marine bioresources for biotechnology applications, with a focus on ecosystems in Nembe and Brass within the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Aquatic ecosystems are recognized as highly productive and biologically diverse, supporting food security, livelihoods, and industrial development. However, increasing anthropogenic pressures such as pollution, overfishing, and climate change threaten their sustainability. A combination of field sampling and laboratory analyses was employed to evaluate bioresources and environmental conditions. Samples of microalgae, macroalgae, fish, and microorganisms were collected from freshwater and marine environments. Physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and salinity, were analyzed to assess water quality. Biochemical analyses using Kjeldahl, Soxhlet, and spectrophotometric methods determined protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents, while chromatographic techniques (HPLC and GC-MS) identified bioactive compounds. Microbial analyses were conducted to evaluate abundance and bioremediation potential. Results revealed moderate water quality variations, with signs of organic pollution in Nembe indicated by lower dissolved oxygen and higher biochemical oxygen demand. Microbial loads were relatively high, with the presence of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria suggesting adaptation to oil pollution. Phytoplankton diversity showed dominance of Chlorophyceae and diatoms, while marine environments exhibited greater macroalgal diversity. Biochemical analysis indicated high protein content in fish and microalgae, and high carbohydrate levels in macroalgae, highlighting their industrial and nutritional potential. Bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, phenolics, and fatty acids were identified, demonstrating significant pharmaceutical and nutraceutical value.The study concludes that aquatic bioresources possess substantial potential for biotechnology applications. However, sustainable management strategies, including pollution control, conservation practices, and responsible resource utilization, are essential to ensure long-term availability and environmental protection.