The Impact of Fluoride on Human Health: A Review

Authors

  • Mamudu SB, Fabian ZL, Aqiba RU, Useni SS, Dalhatu A, Azimat A, Maspara GI, Japheth J, Akinnagbe ES, Lumi GD, Nandom N and Umar AK. National Biotechnology Research and Development Agency Biliri, Gombe State, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; National Biotechnology Research and Development Agency Dikwa, Borno State, Nigeria; National Biotechnology Research and Development Agency Jega, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

Keywords:

Fluoride; Drinking Water; Water quality; Dental Fluorosis; Skeletal Fluorosis

Abstract

Fluoride is a naturally occurring element widely distributed in the Earth’s crust and commonly present in groundwater and surface water systems. Its concentration in drinking water plays a significant role in determining water quality and human health outcomes. At optimal concentrations, fluoride contributes positively to oral health by preventing dental caries and strengthening tooth enamel. However, excessive fluoride exposure resulting from natural geological processes, industrial activities, agricultural runoff, and environmental pollution can lead to serious health and ecological problems. This review examines the impact of fluoride on human health, with emphasis on the sources, ecological impacts and health implications. The review highlights that elevated fluoride concentrations in drinking water are associated with dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, neurological disorders, kidney dysfunction, and other systemic health complications. International organizations such as the World Health Organization have established guideline values for fluoride in drinking water to minimize health risks while maintaining its beneficial effects.

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Published

14-08-2026

How to Cite

Mamudu SB, Fabian ZL, Aqiba RU, Useni SS, Dalhatu A, Azimat A, Maspara GI, Japheth J, Akinnagbe ES, Lumi GD, Nandom N and Umar AK. (2026). The Impact of Fluoride on Human Health: A Review. NABDA JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, 5(2), 130–138. Retrieved from https://journals.nbrda.gov.ng/njbr/article/view/225

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): Special Issue 6: Proceedings of Bioresources Development Conference (BDC26) - NJBR: Agricultural Biotechnology For Sustainanble National Development

Section

Articles

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